Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) and Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM)

Introduction

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) and Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) refer to a group of fiber-optic transmission rates that can transport digital signals with different capacities. This course discusses synchronous transmission standards in world public telecommunications networks. It will cover their origins, features, applications, and advantages, as well as their impact on network design and synchronous signal structure. This course provides detailed knowledge on the SONET/SDH and DWDM networking elements, and their technologies, required to build evolving transport networks. It provides you with a comprehensive business and technical foundation in optical networks, services, and application development. Further, this course provides advanced SONET/SDH and DWDM topics.

The course participants shall be comfortable with the basic concepts of a public telecommunications network, with its separate functions of transmission and switching, and shall be aware of the context for the growth of broadband traffic. No specific prior knowledge is assumed about hardware or software technologies.

Objectives

Upon the successful completion of this course, participants will be able to:

• Apply an up-to-date knowledge and skills of latest technology in synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) & dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM)
• Implement fiber optics technologies and explore SONET/SDH architectures & services
• Identify SONET frame format structure, payload, synchronization & timing and analyze SONET/SDH network element, architecture, topologies, and configurations
• Practice span engineering and manage SONET/SDH networks & services and IP, ATM, WDM, and DWDM integration
• List DWDM components and architecture and practice digital voice and plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH)
• Apply SONET/SDH protocols & concepts, path overhead and payload mappings
• Analyze SONET/SDH network elements & application, synchronization, and multiplexing

Training Methodology

This is an interactive course. There will be open question and answer sessions, regular group exercises and activities, videos, case studies, and presentations on best practice. Participants will have the opportunity to share with the facilitator and other participants on what works well and not so well for them, as well as work on issues from their own organizations. The online course is conducted online using MS-Teams/ClickMeeting.

Who Should Attend?

This course is designed to provide a detailed knowledge on SONET/SDH/DWDM for telecommunications engineers, technical managers, consultants, communications professionals, software engineers, system engineers, network professionals, and IT professionals.

Course Outline

Day 1:  Introduction

• Broadband Networks
•  B-ISDN, ATM, and SONET/SDH
•  Optical Networks
• Fiber Optic Fundamentals
•  Access, Metro, Long Hual Networks    
• SONET/SDH Overview
•  Overview, Architectures and Services
• SONET/SDH in Cable Television & Broadcast Networks
• SONET/SDH in Enterprise Networks & LANs
• Convergence of Services
• Overview of SONET/SDH Structure & Formats
•  Overview of SONET/SDH Products & Features
• Overview of SONET/SDH Networking
• Introduction to Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM)
• Overview of Fiber Optics Communications
• Fiber Optic Transmission
• Optical Fibers Structure
• Optical Amplifiers
• Light Sources and Transmitters
• Photodiodes and Receivers
• Optical Communication Systems
• Optical Components
• SONET/SDH Architectures & Services
•  Evolving CPE/ILEC/IXCs Infrastructure & Services
• Inter-Office & Core
• Networking with SONET/SDH
• SONET/SDH in the Feeder Section
• Loop
• Section & the Last Mile
•  ADSL (Twisted Pair)
• HFC (Coax)
• FITL/FTTC/FTTH/FTTD (Fiber)
• Strategies for DWDM & SONET/SDH in the 21st Century
• What are the Benefits of SONET/SDH?
• Pointers, MUX/ DEMUX
•  Reduced Back-to-Back Multiplexing
•  Optical Interconnect
• Multipoint Configurations
• Convergence, ATM, Video, and SONE/SDH
• Grooming
• Reduced Cabling and Elimination of DSX Panels
• Enhanced OAM&P
• Enhanced Performance Monitoring

Day 2: SDH/SONET Frame Format Structure

• STM-1 Building Block  STM-1 Frame Structure  STM-1 Envelope Capacity Synchronous Payload Envelope  STM-N Frame Structure  Overheads Section Overhead Line  Overhead STM Path Overhead  VC Path Overhead Pointers  VC Mappings  Concatenated Payloads  Payload Pointers Positive Stuffing  Negative Stuffing  Virtual Tributaries  DS1 Visibility  VC
• Superframe and Envelope Capacity  VC Payload Capacity SDH Multiplexing
• SONET/SDH Payloads
• Digital and Analog Transmission Standards  Digital Hierarchy  Origin of SONET/SDH  Why SONET/SDH? Why DWDM and WDM?  SONET/SDH Signal Format  STS/OC  STS-1 Frame  SONET Payload Pointers STS-3 SPE  STS-48 SPE  Virtual Tributaries
• SONET Synchronization and Timing
• Straturn Clock  Plesiochronous Clock  Overview of BITS
• SONET/SDH Network Architecture
• Technical Advantages Redundancy Layers & Functions  Network Path, Line, and Section  Multiplexing Frame Structures/Formats Ring Configurations (Terminals, Drops, Inserts)  Network Synchronization (Timing, Modes, Pointers, Issues)  Applications & Services
• SONET/SDH Network Elements
• Terminal Multiplexer  Regenerator  Add/Drop Multiplexer Digital Cross-Connects  Digital Loop Carrier Protection and Survivability  SONET Rings Element Managers
• SONET/SDH Network Topologies and Configurations
• Point-to-Point Point-to-Multipoint  Hub Architecture  Ring Architecture

Day 3: Span Engineering                   

• Engineering a SONET/SDH and DWDM LinkWhat are the Factors?  Amplifier Power  Amplifier spacing  Fiber Types  Channel Count and Bit Rate  Channel Bit Rate  Dispersion and Polarization  Non-Linear Effects
• Managing SONET/SDH Networks and Services
• Customer and Carrier Advantages  OAM&P  Multi-Vendor Interoperability and Management  Routing  Event Management  Performance Management  Integrated SONET/SDH Management  Standards for Network and Service Management  SONET Rings  SONET/SDH Services
• Introduction to DWDM
• Optical Networking and DWDM  Optical Network Breakthroughs  Special Fibers  S, C and L Bands Optical Components  Optical Spectral Filters and Gratings  Optical Demultiplexers  The Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA)  The Tunable Laser Diode Operating at 1550 nm  In-Fiber Bragg Grating  Light Sources  Optical Cross-Connects  Optical Add-Drop Multiplexers  DWDM and SONET
• SONET/SDH, IP, ATM, WDM and DWDM Integration
• Interworking Issues and Challenges  Protection and Restoration Network Management and Service Delivery  Mapping IP on SONET  MPLS/GMPLS   QoS
• DWDM Components and Architecture
• DWDM Anatomy  DWDM Impairments  DWDM Optical Amplifiers  DWDM Filter Modules  Wavelength Converters  Integrated DWDM Modules Modal Effects  Scattering Effects  Miscellaneous Effects
• Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) (Optional)
• Basic Rates  Frame Structure  Overhead Bytes  STM-4, STM-16 and STM-64 Tributary Units (TUs)  SONET and SDH Compatibility
• SDH Overhead
• Regenerator Section Overhead  Multiplex Section Overhead Higher-Order Path Overhead (VC-4/VC-3)  Lower-Order Path Overhead (VC-2/VC-1)  SDH Anomalies, Defects, Failures, and Alarms SDH Error Performance Monitoring SDH Pointers  Payload Pointers  Positive Pointer Justification Negative Pointer Justification  SDH Multiplexing SDH Tributary Multiplexing  Tributary Unit Group  TU Multiframe TU Payload Pointer Automatic Protection Switching  Multiplex Section Protection, K1/K2 Bytes 1+1 Protection  1:N Protection

Day 4:Digital Voice and Plesiochronous                   

• Digital Hierarchy (PDH)
• Digital Network Synchronization Network Timing and Synchronization Concepts PDH Relationships and Network Elements  Frequency Justification  Limitations of PDH
• SONET/SDH: Protocols and Concepts
• Benefits and Features of SONET/SDH  Evolution from PDH to SONET/SDH Plesiochronous Networks  Building-Block Signals  Unifying SONET and SDH Frame Structures  Overhead Functions  SONET/SDH Rates and Architectures  Details of Pointer Processing  Pointer Adjustment, Positive and Negative Justification Pointer Errors
• SONET/SDH Path Overhead and Payload Mappings
• Compare and Contrast STS-1 SPE and AU-3   Compare and Contrast STS-3c SPE and AU-4  DS-3 Mapping into STS-1 SPE and VC-3 E-4 Mapping into STS-3c SPE and VC-4 TUG-3 and TU-3  Virtual Tributary / Tributary Unit Group  Pointers and Payload Mappings  Tandem Connections  ATM Cell Mapping  Packet over SONET Mapping  10G Ethernet over SONET Limitations of Octet HDLC in High Bit Error Ratio (BER) Environments Simplified Data Link (SDL) Protocol
• SONET/SDH Network Elements and Applications
• Terminal Multiplexers (TMs)  Functional Block Diagram of TMs  Automatic Protection Switching (APS)  APS Detail:  Linear APS, 1+1, 1:n, 1:1, Bidirectional, and Unidirectional Revertive and Non-Revertive  Meaning and Operation of K1 and K2 Bytes  Add/Drop Multiplexers (ADMs)  Functional Block Diagram of ADMs

Day 5: SONET/SDH Network Elements and Applications (cont’d)

• Types of Rings, Ring and Span APS  UPSR and BLSR, MS-USHR, Virtual Rings, SNCP, MS-SP Ring, and MS-DP Ring  Limitations of TDM Rings and Methods to Resolve Them  Digital Cross-Connects (DCCs)  The Role DCCs in Rings, Meshes, and Virtual Rings  Next Generation Digital Loop Carrier (NGDLC)  Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexers (DSLAMs)  SONET/SDH Interfaces on Switches and Routers
• Synchronizing SDH and SONET
• Evolution of Timing and Synchronization  Virtual Container  Regenerator Section Overhead Multiplex Section Overhead  Higher-Order Path Overhead (VC-4/VC-3)  Lower-Order Path Overhead (VC-2/VC-1) Anomalies, Defects, Failures, and Alarms  Error Performance Monitoring Pointers  Payload Pointers  Positive Pointer Justification  Negative Pointer Justification
• SONET/SDH Multiplexing
• SDH Tributary Multiplexing  Tributary Unit Group TU Multiframe  TU Payload Pointer Automatic Protection Switching  Multiplex Section Protection, K1/K2 Bytes 1+1 Protection 1:N Protection  SONET/SDH Telecommunications Standard Primer  SONET/SDH Multiplexing SONET/SDH Signal Hierarchy  Network Generic Applications
• SONET/SDH Multiplexing (cont’d)
• Network Generic Applications: Equipment and Uses  Cross-Connect Types Trends in Deployment Network Design  SDH Timing Compensation  SDH Network Management  SDH Performance Monitoring  SDH Synchronization