The Complete Tribology Course Friction, Wear and Lubrication

Introduction

Bearing and Lubrication course is a comprehensive, highly practical and interactive course. This course is designed to provide participants with required working knowledge for better Selection, Installation, and Operation and made on Troubleshooting & Maintenance of Bearing and Lubrication Problems they may experience in their Plant Equipment.

Bearing and Lubrication plays a vital role in the performance and life of rolling element bearings. The most important task of the lubricant is to separate parts moving relative to one another (balls or rollers and raceways) in order to minimize friction and prevent wear. A lubricant that is designed for specific operating conditions will provide a load-bearing wear protective film. The ideal condition is when the friction surfaces are separated by this film. In addition to providing this load-bearing film, the lubricant should also allow for the dissipation of frictional heat thus preventing overheating of the bearing and deterioration of the lubricant and provide protection from corrosion, moisture, and the ingress of contaminants.

This course covers real-world bearing lubrication in a dynamic, skills-based learning approach. Upon course completion, students will have learned the skills needed to choose, apply and maintain lubricants, and lubricating procedures in bearing applications plant-wide. Case histories will be used to demonstrate concepts and stimulate discussion. The participant will be guided examples, then apply concepts to arrive at practical solutions to their own in-plant situations.

Objectives

By the end of the training, participants will be able to:

• Understanding Bearings and Lubrication Technology
• Determine the types of Bearings and Methods of Lubrication for different equipment
• Know how to test and recognize the Lubricant Properties
• Understand the Lubrication in Different Machinery
• Learn to apply the Troubleshooting Techniques, Maintenance Tips, and Failure Analysis of Bearing
• Identify measure and install bearings commonly used in rotating equipment found in the industry
• Understand the Bearing Maintenance Strategies
• Understand the functionality of vibration protections that are widely used in industries 

Training Methodology

This is an interactive course. There will be open question and answer sessions, regular group exercises and activities, videos, case studies, and presentations on best practice. Participants will have the opportunity to share with the facilitator and other participants on what works well and not so well for them, as well as work on issues from their own organizations. The online course is conducted online using MS-Teams/ClickMeeting.

Who Should Attend?

The program should be of interest to:

• Refinery, Petrochemical and Process Plant Mechanical and Process Engineers
• Technical Professionals
• Inspectors, Maintenance Personnel
• Project and Consulting Engineers
• Engineering and Technical Personnel involved in plant mechanical integrity and reliability

Course Outline

DAY 1: Engineering Materials - Types and Properties

Engineering Materials I - Overview

• Metals - Ferrous and Non-ferrous

• Carbon Steel

  • Alloying elements added to iron base - carbon, manganese, and silicon

  • Effect of alloying elements on end properties and on fabrication processes

  • Impurities and their effect - sulfur, phosphorus

• Alloy Steel

• Effects of Alloying Elements

• Stainless Steels

• Corrosion Resistant Alloys

• High Temperature Alloys

• Erosion Resistant Alloys

• Specialty Alloys

Engineering Materials II

• Refractory Materials - Types and Applications - Examples: Titanium and zirconium

• Clad Materials - Types, Production Methods, and Typical Applications

• Composite Materials - Classes, Types and Applications

• Non-Metallic Materials - Plastics, Ceramics

• Surface Engineered Coatings / Overlays - Types, Specifications and Applications

  • Organic Coatings

  • Metallic Coatings

  • Corrosion Resistant Cladding

  • Corrosion Resistant / Hard-surface Welding

  • Thermal Spray Coatings

  • Plasma Transferred Arc (PTA) Welded Overlays

Metallurgy Basics

• The Structure of Metals and Alloys

• Imperfections in Metals and Alloys

• Chemical Composition - Unified Numbering System (UNS)

• Physical Properties - Melting Temperature, The Thermal Conductivity, Electrical Conductivity, The Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, and Density

• Mechanical Properties - Base Metals, Filler Metal and Completed Welds

• Tensile and Yield Strength, Ductility, Hardness and Toughness

• Heat Treatment and Effect on Material Properties

Material Forming and Fabrication

• Forming and Forging

• Casting

• Welding Processes - main technologies and consumables currently used in industry

• Weldability - Carbon Equivalent, Shaeffler and WRC Diagrams

• Preheat and Post-Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) - Code (B&PV and B31) rules

• Weld Imperfections (discontinuities) commonly encountered with Welding Processes

Overview of ASME B&PVC Section IX 'Welding and Brazing Qualifications'

• This Section contains rules relating to the qualification of welding and brazing procedures as required by other code sections for component manufacture

• Welding Procedure Specification (WPS)

• Procedure Qualification Record (PQR)

• Welder Performance Qualification (WPQ)

DAY 2: Materials Selection and Application

Material Selection Process and Guidelines

• Life Cycle Cost Considerations

• Factors in Material Selection in Petroleum Refineries - type of refinery, type of crude oil processed, service conditions in specific process unit / application, expected service life

• Oxidation Resistance - scale formation

• Guidelines on the Maximum Temperature of Use of Carbon Steel and Alloy Materials

• Creep Properties - The Larson-Miller Parameter (LMP)

• Fatigue Properties - Fatigue Design (S-N) Curves

Materials Standards and Codes

• ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel and Piping Construction Codes

  • Allowable Stresses

  • Constraints and Limitations

  • P-Number Identification

• ASTM Some common material specifications for piping, plates, forgings and castings

Materials Standards and Codes (continued)

• API RP 941 - Steels for hydrogen service at elevated temperatures and pressures in petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants

• NACE MR 0175/ISO 15156 'Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries - Materials for Use in H2S-containing Environments in Oil and Gas Production - Parts 1, 2 and 3'

• Oxidation resistance - scale formation

• NACE MR0103 'Materials Resistant to Sulfide Stress Cracking in Corrosive Petroleum Refining Environments'

• PIP (Process Industry Practices) Standards - Example: PIP Piping Material Specification 1CS2S01 Class 150, Carbon Steel, Socket Weld, 0.125 C.A. Process

• Fatigue Properties - Fatigue design (S-N) curves

• Overview of ASME B&PVC Section II 'Materials Specifications' - This Section compiles material specifications and material properties for materials used in the construction of ASME components. It contains four parts:

  • Part A-Ferrous Material Specifications

  • Part B-Nonferrous Material

  • Part C-Specifications for Welding Rods

  • Part D-Properties-(Customary)

Material Selection for Specific Equipment

• Refineries and Petrochemical Plants

• Power Plants

• Pressure Vessels

• Piping Valves and Fittings

• Pumps

DAY 3: Degradation of Materials In-Service

Material Ageing and Degradation - Overview

• Ageing is not about how old equipment is; it's about knowledge of its condition, and how that is changing over time

• Indicators or Symptoms of Ageing

Failure Modes and Mechanisms in Materials

• Degradation Processes - (e.g. corrosion, erosion)

• Excessive Elastic Deformation - (e.g. buckling)

• Fracture - (e.g. fatigue, brittle fracture)

Overview of API RP 571 Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment

• This document provides background information on the damage that can occur to equipment in the refining and other process industries. It covers over 60 damage mechanisms. It is also an excellent reference for inspection, operations, and maintenance personnel

Metallurgical Failure Analysis

• Overview

• Case Study

Positive Material Identification

• Objectives and Methodologies (e.g. X-Ray Fluorescence and Optical Emission Spectroscopy)

  • ASTM - E1916

  • Pipe Fabricator Institute PFI-ES42

  • API 578

  • MSS SP-137-2007

  • Material Test Reports

DAY 4: Inspection Strategies and Non-Destructive Examination Methods

Mechanical (Structural) Integrity - Overview

• Definition, Scope, and Key Elements - hardware and software issues, human factor, and asset management

• Potential Threats to Technical Integrity in a hazardous environment

• Regulatory Requirements - SH&E, OSHA, SEVESO II

• Life Cycle Implications - design / operation / maintenance, management of change

Inspection Strategies and Methods

• Real Function of Inspection

• Planning and Strategies

Inspection Strategies and Methods (continued)

• Overview of API RP 580 and RBD 581 - Risk-Based Inspection

• Overview of API RP 577 Welding Inspection and Metallurgy

Non-Destructive Examination (NDE) Methods and Their Application

• The capability of the Applicable Inspection Method vs. Discontinuity

• New Developments in NDE Methods

Overview of ASME B&PVC Section V 'Nondestructive Examination'

• This section contains requirements and methods for nondestructive examination referenced and required by other code sections

DAY 5: Fitness-For-Service Evaluation

Introduction to Fracture Mechanics

• Overview

• Illustrative Worked Examples

Fitness-for-Service Assessment

• Overview of API Std. 579-1/ASME FFS-1

• Worked Examples